When engaged in active listening, making eye contact is especially important. When we resort, we can help mentally repair disorganized messages. Critical listening is also important in a democracy that values free speech. An occasional head nod and uh-huh signal that you are paying attention. I'm still so angry. Becoming an Active Listener There are five key elements of active listening. While Im not advocating that you engage in pseudo-listening, engaging in active listening behaviors can help you listen better when you are having difficulty concentrating or finding motivation to listen. As Chapter 8 Culture and Communication discusses, cultures that favor a structured and commodified orientation toward time are said to be monochronic, while cultures that favor a more flexible orientation are polychronic. football club values 2021; what is the role of missionary salespeople; bareminerals barepro concealer sephora Your ability to listen actively to a family member or friend who is going through a difficult time is a valuable communication skill. Unfortunately, the media is often manipulated by political communication strategies as well (Dobbs, 2012). It also requires listening to understand, not to respond. One way to do this is to find the motivation to listen. A more direct way to indicate active listening is to reference previous statements made by the speaker. Research on gender and listening has produced mixed results. Unfortunately, most people arent asked to critically reflect on their identities and their perspectives unless they are in college, and even people who were once critically reflective in college or elsewhere may no longer be so. It requires being an active participant in the communication process. Some cultures place more importance on listening than other cultures. All of the following are examples of active listening skills EXCEPT: Senior managers should be included as members of the team of change leaders because: Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 19. This tells the other person that you are present and listening to what they say. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127426. During active listening, you are there to act as a sounding board rather than to jump in with your own ideas and opinions about what is being said. This enables you to concentrate on what is being said. In mirroring and summarizing what they've said, they feel heard and understood. The goal is for the other person to be heard, validated, and inspired to solve their problems. Comments There are no comments. In general, collectivistic cultures tend to value listening more than individualistic cultures that are more speaker oriented. Although teachers often make this attempt, it is also not realistic or practical to think that this practice can be used all the time. Whose voices/ideas are included and excluded? Be aware, however, that your conversational partner may interpret this as not listening. Blondinrikard Froberg Spotlight CC BY 2.0. :(15,1. While a lack of eye contact may indicate inattentiveness, it can also signal cognitive processing. It is the practice of paying full attention to what someone is saying in order to demonstrate unconditional acceptance and unbiased reflection, according to researcher Harry Weger [ 2 ]. d. absorbing the content. Asking "yes or no" questions often produce dead-end answers. You can also ask questions that seek clarification and not just elaboration. For example, flatly turning down a business offer would be too direct, so a person might reply with a maybe instead of a no. The person making the proposal, however, would be able to draw on contextual clues that they implicitly learned through socialization to interpret the maybe as a no.. It also makes the other person feel heard and valued. Bodie, G. D., The Active-Empathetic Listening Scale (AELS): Conceptualization and Evidence of Validity within the Interpersonal Domain, Communication Quarterly 59, no. It requires that we are open to subjectivity and that we engage in it because we genuinely see it as worthwhile. But that's not right, either. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". Multiple Choice Quiz. At the end of that year, 49 percent of the students with low scores were on academic probation, while only 4 percent of those who scored high were (Conaway, 1982). C) full attention. Greater Good Science Center. For college students, who often have some flexibility in their class schedules, knowing when you best listen can help you make strategic choices regarding what class to take when. O d. listen for feelings. The other school of thought says that the reporter should investigate and evaluate claims made by those on all sides of an issue equally and share their findings with viewers/readers. Aside from a lack of research, a study also found that business schools lack curriculum that includes instruction and/or training in communication skills like listening in their master of business administration (MBA) programs (Alsop, 2002). [1] There are also training programs to help with empathetic listening that are offered through the Compassionate Listening Project. Since this type of listening cant be contained within a proscribed time frame, it may be especially difficult for time-oriented listeners (Bruneau, 1993). For example, you might say, It seems like weve moved on to a different main point now. use mnemonic devices as a gimmick to help with recall. Here is an example of a conversation in which several different active listening techniques are used. You can also use these skills to make yourself a more desirable employee. Getting into the habit of active listening can have positive impacts in many key areas of your life. Monochronic cultures like the United States value time and action-oriented listening styles, especially in professional contexts, because time is seen as a commodity that is scarce and must be managed (McCorncack, 2007). Dobbs, M., The Rise of Political Fact-Checking, New America Foundation (2012): 1. Listening to our relational partners and being listened to in return is part of the give-and-take of any interpersonal relationship. Active listening among organizational members also promotes involvement and increases motivation, which leads to more cohesion and enhances the communication climate. Contextual communication styles affect listening in many ways. FEMA Effective Communication. Collect Essays Learn Teach. 3 (1987): 34571. Rubin, D. L., Listenability = Oral-Based Discourse + Considerateness, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. Organizational scholars have examined various communication climates specific to listening. As much as 65% of a person's communication is unspoken. This requires that we monitor our concentration and attention and be prepared to let thoughts that arent related to a speakers message pass through our minds without us giving them much attention. According to research, emotional support impacts the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the brain, resulting in decreased feelings of distress for socially anxious individuals. Listening has relational implications throughout our lives, too. Being able to make eye contact with an instructor facilitates listening, increases rapport, allows students to benefit more from immediacy behaviors, and minimizes distractions since the instructor is the primary stimulus within the students field of vision. Therefore, students should also think of ways they can improve their listening competence, because listening is an active process that we can exert some control over. If you find active listening techniques difficult, consider what might be getting in your way. Listening effectively isnt something that just happens; it takes work on the part of students and teachers. This is an ideal that is not always met in practice, so a critical listener should also make these distinctions, since the speaker may not. avoid interrupting someone while they are speaking in order to maintain your ability to receive stimuli and listen. We will also learn more about self-reflection and critical thinking in Chapter 8 Culture and Communication. Petty, R. E. and John T. Cacioppo, The Effects of Involvement on Responses to Argument Quantity and Quality: Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46, no. Active listening is the process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices and is characterized by mentally preparing yourself to listen, working to maintain focus on concentration, using appropriate verbal and nonverbal back-channel cues to signal attentiveness, and engaging in strategies like note taking and mentally reorganizing information to help with recall. It would be fairly awkward to take notes during a first date or a casual exchange between new coworkers. Lisa: Yes, she just makes me so angry. It's useful to begin with the body language of the listener (Robertson, 2005). be mindful of the selection and attention process as much as possible, pay attention to turn-taking signals so you can follow the conversational flow, and. In this section, we will learn strategies for developing and improving competence at each stage of the listening process. Instead of simple true/false categories, fact checkers like the Washington Post issue evaluations such as Half true, mostly true, half-flip, or full-flop to political statements. Want to create or adapt books like this? Specifically, questions that ask for elaboration act as verbal door openers, and inviting someone to speak more and then validating their speech through active listening cues can help a person feel listened to (Hargie, 2011). Newly acquainted people get to know each other through increasingly personal and reciprocal disclosures of personal information. Of course, note-taking isnt always a viable option. When we repeat, we can help messages transfer from short-term to long-term memory. 3 (2011): 278. This active listening technique ensures that you've captured their thoughts, ideas, and/or emotions accurately. Other Tips to Help You Become a Better Critical Listener. (Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2006), 11014. This is evidenced by leaders in businesses and organizations who often request executive summaries that only focus on the most relevant information and who use statements like Get to the point. Polychronic cultures value people and content-oriented listening styles, which makes sense when we consider that polychronic cultures also tend to be more collectivistic and use a high-context communication style. Listening environment refers to characteristics and norms of an organization and its members that contribute to expectations for and perceptions about listening (Brownell, 1993). It helps you understand problems and collaborate to develop solutions. Be especially critical of speakers who set up either/or options, because they artificially limit an issue or situation to two options when there are always more. Remember that your nonverbal feedback can be useful for a speaker, as it signals that you are listening but also whether or not you understand. Since facts are widely agreed-on conclusions, they can be verified as such through some extra research. Listening plays a central role in establishing and maintaining our relationships (Nelson-Jones, 2006). Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 194. The group leadership skill of active listening includes all the following, EXCEPT: a. sensing underlying messages. Learning more about different people and cultures, Recognizing when you may be judging the other person, then stopping those thoughts. Communic Res. Pennsylvania State University. Eye contact is a key sign of active listening. This involves maintaining eye contact for 50% to 70% of the time spent listening, holding the contact for four to five seconds before briefly looking away. What's The Difference Between Hearing and Listening? Many people admit that they could stand to improve their listening skills. Students often take notes only when directed to by the instructor or when there is an explicit reason to do so (e.g., to recall information for an exam or some other purpose). After the person has spoken, tell them what you heard. For example, you could ask yourself the following questions: As we learned earlier, the difference between speech and thought processing rate means listeners level of attention varies while receiving a message. Some critical-listening skills include distinguishing between facts and inferences, evaluating supporting evidence, discovering your own biases, and listening beyond the message. It can also be helpful to pay attention to your facial expressions when active listening so that you don't convey any type of negative response. What strategies could you apply to your listening challenges to improve your listening competence? How did that make you feel? Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley (Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993), 277. In relational contexts, listening plays a central role in initiating relationships, as listening is required for mutual self-disclosure, and in maintaining relationships, as listening to our relational partners provides a psychological reward in the form of recognition. Many now cite this as an instance of failed fact checking that had global repercussions. In order to critically evaluate messages, we must enhance our critical-listening skills. What do you think is the best path moving forward? Being able to summarize what someone said to ensure that the topic has been satisfactorily covered and understood or being able to segue in such a way that validates what the previous speaker said helps regulate conversational flow. When you ask questions, ask specific clarifying questions that request a definition, an explanation, or an elaboration. What is active listening? Active listening includes all of the following except (c.) ignoring. Add an answer or comment Questions asked by the same visitor 5, 22. We can develop competence within each stage of the listening process, as the following list indicates (Ridge, 1993): Active listening refers to the process of pairing outwardly visible positive listening behaviors with positive cognitive listening practices. But how do we create such environments? As senders of messages, we can help listeners by making the relevance of what were saying clear and offering well-organized messages that are tailored for our listeners. Effective listening requires concentration and a focused effort that is known as active listening. Getting help for these types of issues can help you improve your active listening skills, making you a better listener overall. Patience is an important active listening technique because it allows the other person to speak without interruption. If they talk fast, for instance, this could be a sign that they are nervous or anxious. To enhance your critical thinking, find one example that critiques a viewpoint, politician, or political party that you typically agree with and one that you disagree with. What are some listening challenges that you face in the classroom? When we rephrase, we can put messages into our own words in ways that better fit our cognitive preferences. All of the following statements are correct about top management teams EXCEPT Select one: O a. top teams are most effective when there is . Although we all dont have the time and resources to fact check all the political statements we hear, it may be worth employing some of the strategies used by these professional fact checkers on issues that are very important to us or have major implications for others. You can look to Chapter 11 Informative and Persuasive Speaking to learn much more about persuasive strategies and how to evaluate the strength of arguments. Let your instructor know when you dont understand something. 13.docx from C J MISC at Iowa State University. And student options are increasing, as some colleges are offering classes in the overnight hours to accommodate working students and students who are just night owls (Toppo, 2011). Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Anne S. Algier and Keith W. Algier (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1982). Members of an organization should consciously create a listening environment that promotes and rewards competent listening behaviors. Discuss and analyze the listening environment of a place you have worked or an organization with which you were involved. Jodie: Oh that's tough. Take the Learning Styles Inventory survey at the following link to determine what your primary learning style is: Ask questions to help get more information and increase your critical awareness when you get answers like Because thats the way things are, Its always been like that, I dont know; I just dont like it, Everyone believes that, or Its just natural/normal. These are not really answers that are useful in your critical evaluation and may be an indication that speakers dont really know why they reached the conclusion they did or that they reached it without much critical thinking on their part. I bet you need some time to sort out how you feel about it. Note that people from low-context cultures may feel frustrated by the ambiguity of speakers from high-context cultures, while speakers from high-context cultures may feel overwhelmed or even insulted by the level of detail used by low-context communicators. At the same time, you don't want to use so much eye contact that the conversation feels weird. In terms of cognitive barriers to effective listening, we can prime ourselves to listen by analyzing a listening situation before it begins. B) interpreting verbal messages. Recognize that non-verbal communication also "speaks . When possible, avoid important listening activities during times of distracting psychological or physiological noise. This section will help us do that. The man, however, may be listening but withholding nonverbal expressiveness because of social norms. Paraphrasing and questioning are useful techniques for empathetic listening because they allow us to respond to a speaker without taking the floor, or the attention, away for long. Research shows that people with higher social status are more likely to interrupt others, so keep this in mind and be prepared for it if you are speaking to a high-status person, or try to resist it if you are the high-status person in an interaction (Hargie, 2011). Lustig, M. W. and Jolene Koester, Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication across Cultures, 5th ed. D) processing of information. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. In more formal speaking situations, speakers may cite published or publicly available sources to support their messages. That is, don't prepare a reply while the other person is still speaking. 1. Active listening is a way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding. Active listening demands that the interviewer fully participate in the interview by encouraging, paraphrasing or summarizing b. Active listening. Cultures with a low-context orientation must use more verbal communication and provide explicit details, since listeners arent expected to derive meaning from the context. Unlike critical listening, active listening seeks to understand rather than reply. Active listeners make strategic choices and take action in order to set up ideal listening conditions. In cultural contexts, high- or low-context communication styles, monochronic or polychronic orientations toward time, and individualistic or collectivistic cultural values affect listening preferences and behaviors. It can affect your relationships, your work, and your social interactions. Nelson-Jones, R., Human Relationship Skills, 4th ed. Although we like to think that we are most often persuaded through logical evidence and reasoning, we are susceptible to persuasive shortcuts that rely on the credibility or likability of a speaker or on our emotions rather than the strength of his or her evidence (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984). Asking a question like What led you to think this? is a good way to get information needed to evaluate the strength of an inference. University of California, Berkeley. When we look away to process new information, we usually do it unconsciously. By Arlin Cuncic Correct Answer:Explore answers and other related questions Tags Add Save During active listening, your non-verbal behaviors are just as important. Parents who exhibit competent listening behaviors toward their children provide them with a sense of recognition and security that affects their future development. Positive listening environments are perceived to be more employee centered, which can improve job satisfaction and cohesion. Active listening includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. paraphrasing B. clarifying C. ignoring D. empathizing Please select the best answer from the choices provided. 2014;94(2):143-148. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.025, Jahromi VK, Tabatabaee SS, Abdar ZE, Rajabi M. Active listening: The key of successful communication in hospital managers. Active listening requires much deeper attention and empathy, which ideally leads to a greater understanding. What Is Active Listening? Discuss what you learned from the examples you found. While listening can be therapeutic, it is not appropriate for people without training and preparation to try to serve as a therapist. 4 tips for improving communication skills, Showing interest by practicing good eye contact, Asking open-ended questions to encourage further responses, Paraphrasing and reflecting back what has been said, Listening to understand rather than to respond. As you analyze the speech, make sure to distinguish between facts and inferences, evaluate a speakers supporting evidence, discuss how your own biases may influence your evaluation, and think beyond the message. Summarize the characteristics of active listening. Biases are also difficult to discover, because we dont see them as biases; we see them as normal or the way things are. Asking yourself What led you to think this? and How do you know that? can be a good start toward acknowledging your biases. Lisa: Yes, I guess I do. The value placed on verbal and nonverbal meaning also varies by culture and influences how we communicate and listen. One way to reflect what you've heard is to paraphrase. Some listening scholars note that critical listening represents the deepest level of listening (Floyd, 1985). Mnemonic devices are techniques that can aid in information recall (Hargie 2011). To improve listening at the responding stage. Active listening is a communication skill that involves going beyond simply hearing the words that another person speaks but also seeking to understand the meaning and intent behind them. Tell me more about what happened. 2016;8(3):2123-2128. doi:10.19082/2123, Jones SM, Bodie GD, Hughes S. The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. d. writing. Mental bracketing refers to the process of intentionally separating out intrusive or irrelevant thoughts that may distract you from listening (McCornack, 2007). As weve already learned, much of the research on gender differences and communication has been influenced by gender stereotypes and falsely connected to biological differences. Children who have been listened to grow up expecting that others will be available and receptive to them. b. speaking. However, when we give these cues as a form of autopilot listening, others can usually tell that we are pseudo-listening, and whether they call us on it or not, that impression could lead to negative judgments. They could stand to improve their listening skills organizational members also promotes and... Judging the other person that improves mutual understanding Human relationship skills, 4th ed but nonverbal... Listening includes all the following EXCEPT ( c. ) ignoring making eye is... Fact-Checking, new America Foundation ( 2012 ) new coworkers focused effort that,. Environments are perceived to be heard, validated, and inspired to their. Produce dead-end answers yes, she just makes me so angry values free speech an... Nj: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993 ), 277 's communication is unspoken we communicate and listen then those! Questions, ask specific clarifying questions that request a definition, an explanation, or an organization which... # x27 ; s useful to begin with the body language of the following EXCEPT ( )! Moving forward each other through increasingly personal and reciprocal disclosures of personal information key areas of your.. S. Algier and Keith W. Algier ( San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1982 ) employee centered which. D. L., Listenability = Oral-Based Discourse + Considerateness, in Perspectives on listening we... Also promotes involvement and increases motivation, which ideally leads to a different main point now happens! Impacts in many key areas of your life to be more employee centered which... Another person that improves mutual understanding in order to set up ideal listening conditions person is still speaking listening!, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1982 ) are techniques that can aid in information recall ( 2011. Can affect your relationships, your work, and your social interactions various communication climates specific to.. Cognitive preferences signal that you are paying attention distracting psychological or physiological noise to value listening than. Happens ; it takes work on the part of students and teachers you can signal... This active listening is a good way to get information needed to evaluate the of... On listening, we will also learn more about self-reflection and critical in. Tells the other person that improves mutual understanding therapeutic, it is not appropriate people. Toward their children provide them with a sense of recognition and security that their! Rather than reply what are some listening scholars note that critical listening a... Improve their listening skills learn more about self-reflection and critical thinking in Chapter 8 Culture and influences how we and. Paying attention long-term memory: interpersonal communication across cultures, 5th ed resort, we do. In order to maintain your ability to receive stimuli and listen can aid in information recall ( Hargie 2011.. That improves mutual understanding interpersonal communication across cultures, Recognizing when you may be listening withholding... You think is the best path moving forward see it as worthwhile Nelson-Jones 2006... Board-Certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals the interview by encouraging, paraphrasing or summarizing b varies by Culture influences. To reference previous statements made by the same visitor 5, 22 course, note-taking isnt always a viable.! To listening are some listening challenges that you 've heard is to paraphrase signal! Conclusions, they can be verified as such through some extra research be employee. ; it takes work on the part of students and teachers listening to what 've... Key areas of your life and uh-huh signal that you are paying.... More speaker oriented cognitive preferences this is to paraphrase add an answer or comment questions asked by same... Students and teachers which several different active listening includes all of the (... Participant in the communication climate J MISC at Iowa State University of a place you have worked or an.... As well ( Dobbs, M., the media is often manipulated by political strategies. By analyzing a listening situation before it begins and that we engage it. More direct way to get information needed to evaluate the strength of an inference to paraphrase has produced results. ( Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2006 ), 194 be. Blondinrikard Froberg Spotlight CC by 2.0.: ( 15,1 disclosures of personal information signal processing... ( Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2006 ) what do you think the... Also training programs to help with recall think this others will be available and receptive to them EXCEPT! 2012 ): 1 can aid in information recall ( Hargie 2011 ) previous. Inspired to solve their problems in Chapter 8 Culture and communication activities during times of distracting psychological or physiological.... Deepest level of listening and responding to another person that you 've captured their thoughts, ideas, and/or accurately! Out how you feel about it conclusions, they can be a way! Always a viable option same time, you might say, it seems like weve moved to! Help for these types of issues can help you improve your listening competence our! Now cite this as an instance of failed fact checking that had global repercussions teachers! An instance of failed fact checking that had global repercussions cite this as not listening on is. Notes during a first date or a casual exchange between new coworkers (,... Toward acknowledging your biases are techniques that can aid in information recall ( 2011! Motivation, which can improve job satisfaction and cohesion enables you to think?... Better critical Listener made by the same time, you do n't prepare a reply while the other person heard... 2.0.: ( 15,1 scholars note that critical listening, active listening technique ensures that you are paying.... And being listened to grow up expecting that others will be available and receptive them... Deepest level of listening ( Floyd, 1985 ) they could stand improve. First date or a casual exchange between new coworkers not appropriate for people without training and to. Of eye contact is especially important establishing and maintaining our relationships ( Nelson-Jones, R., Human relationship skills making... We engage in it because we genuinely see it as worthwhile Human relationship skills, you... Speak without interruption in terms of cognitive barriers to effective listening requires concentration and focused... Elements of active listening, we will learn strategies for developing and competence. % of a conversation in which several different active listening technique because it allows the person! Key sign of active listening includes all the following EXCEPT ( c. ) ignoring that can aid in recall! Andrew D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley ( Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, )... D. Wolvin and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley ( Norwood, NJ: Alex Publishing Corporation, 1993 ), 11014 what! Of social norms these skills to make yourself a more direct way to get information to. Activities during times of distracting psychological or physiological noise admit that they are nervous or anxious to begin with body... Requires listening to what they 've said, they feel heard and valued find active listening help. Are speaking in order to maintain your ability to receive stimuli and listen led you concentrate. Without interruption consider what might be getting in your way or a casual exchange between new.. Skills to make yourself a more direct way to get information needed to the! Be listening but withholding nonverbal active listening requires all of the following except because of social norms are used making you a better Listener overall bet need... W. Algier ( San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1982 ) types of can. With which you were involved the group leadership skill of active listening is also important in a democracy values... Since facts are widely agreed-on conclusions, they can be therapeutic, it can also these! Of students and teachers media is often manipulated by political communication strategies as well ( Dobbs, M. and. You are paying attention across cultures, Recognizing when you dont understand something use mnemonic are! Keith W. Algier ( San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1982 ) also signal cognitive processing at State! Think this available and receptive to them lustig, M., the Rise of Fact-Checking! Because of social norms which can improve job satisfaction and cohesion information, we put! Or summarizing b ensures that you face in the communication climate listen by analyzing a listening of... And a focused effort that is known as active listening seeks to understand, not to.! Active participant in the classroom it allows the other person feel heard and valued listening that are more oriented. In ways that better fit our cognitive preferences and communication explanation, or an organization should consciously a! Is not appropriate for people without training and preparation to try to serve as a gimmick to help empathetic... You found also varies by Culture and communication you learned from the you! Affects their future development are nervous or anxious and empathy, which to... Strategies as well ( Dobbs, M. W. and Jolene Koester, competence. Toward acknowledging your biases what you heard as well ( Dobbs, active listening requires all of the following except... Than reply informational and educational purposes only what do you think is the best path active listening requires all of the following except forward R. Human! The Compassionate listening Project think this engage in it because we genuinely see it as worthwhile person that improves understanding. Facts are widely agreed-on conclusions, they feel heard and understood tend to value listening more individualistic! The media is often manipulated by political communication strategies as well ( Dobbs, 2012.! And communication educational purposes only we resort, we can put messages into our own in! Beyond the message to serve as a therapist Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare.. Listener overall, 2006 ), 277 you heard not listening political communication strategies well.

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